Laigle-Donadey, F. et al. Dural metastases. J. Neurooncol. 75, 57–61 (2005).
Google Scholar
Nayak, L. et al. Intracranial dural metastases. Cancer 115, 1947–1953 (2009).
Google Scholar
Ahn, S. J. et al. Dural metastasis in breast cancer: MRI-based morphological subtypes and their clinical implications. Cancer Res. Treat. 56, 1105–1112 (2024).
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Calero, A. et al. Alterations in homologous recombination repair genes in prostate cancer brain metastases. Nat. Commun. 13, 2400 (2022).
Google Scholar
Nassiri, F. et al. A clinically applicable integrative molecular classification of meningiomas. Nature 597, 119–125 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wang, A. Z. et al. Single-cell profiling of human dura and meningioma reveals cellular meningeal landscape and insights into meningioma immune response. Genome Med. 14, 49 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rippaus, N. et al. Metastatic site-specific polarization of macrophages in intracranial breast cancer metastases. Oncotarget 7, 41473–41487 (2016).
Google Scholar
Merlini, A. et al. Distinct roles of the meningeal layers in CNS autoimmunity. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 887–899 (2022).
Google Scholar
Koh, B. I. et al. Adult skull bone marrow is an expanding and resilient haematopoietic reservoir. Nature 636, 172–181 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kolabas, Z. I. et al. Distinct molecular profiles of skull bone marrow in health and neurological disorders. Cell 186, 3706–3725 (2023).
Google Scholar
Dobersalske, C. et al. Cranioencephalic functional lymphoid units in glioblastoma. Nat. Med. 30, 2947–2956 (2024).
Google Scholar
Lad, M. et al. Glioblastoma induces the recruitment and differentiation of dendritic-like ‘hybrid’ neutrophils from skull bone marrow. Cancer Cell 42, 1549–1569 (2024).
Google Scholar
Rustenhoven, J. et al. Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 184, 1000–1016 (2021).
Google Scholar
Herisson, F. et al. Direct vascular channels connect skull bone marrow and the brain surface enabling myeloid cell migration. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1209–1217 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pulous, F. E. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid can exit into the skull bone marrow and instruct cranial hematopoiesis in mice with bacterial meningitis. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 567–576 (2022).
Google Scholar
Louveau, A. et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523, 337–341 (2015).
Google Scholar
Aspelund, A. et al. A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. J. Exp. Med. 212, 991–999 (2015).
Google Scholar
Zhao, J. et al. Dura immunity configures leptomeningeal metastasis immunosuppression for cerebrospinal fluid barrier invasion. Nat. Cancer 5, 1940–1961 (2024).
Google Scholar
Sankowski, R. et al. Multiomic spatial landscape of innate immune cells at human central nervous system borders. Nat. Med. 30, 186–198 (2024).
Google Scholar
Hu, X. et al. Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity. Cell Res. 30, 229–243 (2020).
Google Scholar
Song, E. et al. VEGF-C-driven lymphatic drainage enables immunosurveillance of brain tumours. Nature 577, 689–694 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zhou, C. et al. Meningeal lymphatics regulate radiotherapy efficacy through modulating anti-tumor immunity. Cell Res. 32, 543–554 (2022).
Google Scholar
Salvador, A. F. M. et al. Meningeal lymphatics in central nervous system diseases. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 47, 323–344 (2024).
Google Scholar
Dissing-Olesen, L. et al. New brain lymphatic vessels drain old concepts. eBioMedicine 2, 776–777 (2015).
Google Scholar
Petrova, T. V. et al. Biological functions of lymphatic vessels. Science 369, eaax4063 (2020).
Google Scholar
Janardhan, H. P. et al. Lymphatic system in organ development, function, and regeneration. Circ. Res. 132, 1181–1184 (2023).
Google Scholar
Louveau, A. et al. CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1380–1391 (2018).
Google Scholar
Alves de Lima, K. et al. Meningeal immunity and its function in maintenance of the central nervous system in health and disease. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 38, 597–620 (2020).
Google Scholar
Graham, M. S. et al. Meningeal lymphatics prime tumor immunity in glioblastoma. Cancer Cell 39, 304–306 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kovacs, M. A. et al. Meningeal lymphatic drainage promotes T cell responses against Toxoplasma gondii but is dispensable for parasite control in the brain. eLife 11, e80775 (2022).
Google Scholar
Castellani, G. et al. Transforming the understanding of brain immunity. Science 380, eabo7649 (2023).
Google Scholar
Oliveira, G. et al. Dynamics and specificities of T cells in cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 23, 295–316 (2023).
Google Scholar
John, L. et al. Resolving the spatial architecture of myeloma and its microenvironment at the single-cell level. Nat. Commun. 14, 5011 (2023).
Google Scholar
Monroy, M. et al. Lymphatics in bone arise from pre-existing lymphatics. Development 147, dev184291 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zhang, D. et al. Reduced expression of semaphorin 3A in osteoclasts causes lymphatic expansion in a Gorham–Stout disease (GSD) mouse model. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 25, 38–50 (2024).
Google Scholar
Wang, W. et al. Lymphatic endothelial cells produce M-CSF, causing massive bone loss in mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 32, 939–950 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sato, K. et al. RANKL synthesized by both stromal cells and cancer cells plays a crucial role in osteoclastic bone resorption induced by oral cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 182, 1890–1899 (2013).
Google Scholar
Renema, N. et al. RANK–RANKL signalling in cancer. Biosci. Rep. 36, e00366 (2016).
Google Scholar
Li, E. C. et al. Zoledronic acid: a new parenteral bisphosphonate. Clin. Ther. 25, 2669–2708 (2003).
Google Scholar
Russell, R. G. Bisphosphonates: the first 40 years. Bone 49, 2–19 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wang, L. et al. Mechanical sensing protein PIEZO1 regulates bone homeostasis via osteoblast-osteoclast crosstalk. Nat. Commun. 11, 282 (2020).
Google Scholar
Nakamura, T. et al. Estrogen prevents bone loss via estrogen receptor alpha and induction of Fas ligand in osteoclasts. Cell 130, 811–823 (2007).
Google Scholar
Yang, W. et al. Ptpn11 deletion in a novel progenitor causes metachondromatosis by inducing hedgehog signalling. Nature 499, 491–495 (2013).
Google Scholar
Feng, H. et al. Tendon-derived cathepsin K-expressing progenitor cells activate Hedgehog signaling to drive heterotopic ossification. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 6354–6365 (2020).
Google Scholar
Debnath, S. et al. Discovery of a periosteal stem cell mediating intramembranous bone formation. Nature 562, 133–139 (2018).
Google Scholar
Han, Y. et al. Lkb1 deletion in periosteal mesenchymal progenitors induces osteogenic tumors through mTORC1 activation. J. Clin. Invest. 129, 1895–1909 (2019).
Google Scholar
McDonald, M. M. et al. Osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs during RANKL-stimulated bone resorption. Cell 184, 1330–1347 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tsukasaki, M. et al. Stepwise cell fate decision pathways during osteoclastogenesis at single-cell resolution. Nat. Metab. 2, 1382–1390 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dieterich, L. C. et al. Lymphatic vessels in cancer. Physiol. Rev. 102, 1837–1879 (2022).
Google Scholar
Zheng, W. et al. Lymphangiogenic factors, mechanisms, and applications. J. Clin. Invest. 124, 878–887 (2014).
Google Scholar
Souma, T. et al. Context-dependent functions of angiopoietin 2 are determined by the endothelial phosphatase VEPTP. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 1298–1303 (2018).
Google Scholar
Khosraviani, N. et al. Angiopoietin-2: an emerging tie to pathological vessel enlargement. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 42, 3–5 (2022).
Google Scholar
Lu, X. et al. VCAM-1 promotes osteolytic expansion of indolent bone micrometastasis of breast cancer by engaging α4β1-positive osteoclast progenitors. Cancer Cell 20, 701–714 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sethi, N. et al. Tumor-derived Jagged1 promotes osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer by engaging Notch signaling in bone cells. Cancer Cell 19, 192–205 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hirbe, A. C. et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances bone tumor growth in mice in an osteoclast-dependent manner. Blood 109, 3424–3431 (2006).
Google Scholar
Yue, Z. et al. RSPO2 and RANKL signal through LGR4 to regulate osteoclastic premetastatic niche formation and bone metastasis. J. Clin. Invest. 132, e144579 (2022).
Google Scholar
Cheng, J.-N. et al. Bone metastases diminish extraosseous response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy through osteopontin-producing osteoclasts. Cancer Cell 43, 1093–1107 (2025).
Google Scholar
Hua, X. Y. et al. Structural and functional characteristics of leptomeningeal lymphatic vessels in leptomeningeal metastases from lung cancer patients. Preprint at Research Square https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5244229/v1 (2024).
Schulz, P. et al. Angiopoietin-2 drives lymphatic metastasis of pancreatic cancer. FASEB J. 25, 3325–3335 (2011).
Google Scholar
Fagiani, E. et al. Angiopoietin-1 and -2 exert antagonistic functions in tumor angiogenesis, yet both induce lymphangiogenesis. Cancer Res. 71, 5717–5727 (2011).
Google Scholar
Chi, Y. et al. Cancer cells deploy lipocalin-2 to collect limiting iron in leptomeningeal metastasis. Science 369, 276–282 (2020).
Google Scholar
Boire, A. et al. Complement component 3 adapts the cerebrospinal fluid for leptomeningeal metastasis. Cell 168, 1101–1113 (2017).
Google Scholar
Choi, D. et al. Piezo1 regulates meningeal lymphatic vessel drainage and alleviates excessive CSF accumulation. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 913–926 (2024).
Google Scholar
Butler, A. et al. Integrating single-cell transcriptomic data across different conditions, technologies, and species. Nat. Biotechnol. 36, 411–420 (2018).
Google Scholar
Korsunsky, I. et al. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. Nat. Methods 16, 1289–1296 (2019).
Google Scholar
Gu, Z. et al. Complex heatmaps reveal patterns and correlations in multidimensional genomic data. Bioinformatics 32, 2847–2849 (2016).
Google Scholar
Yu, G. et al. clusterProfiler: an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. OMICS 16, 284–287 (2012).
Google Scholar
